英国文学.ppt

英国文学复习资料 I Early England,—————————————————————————————————————→,——,——,——,78,410,1066,Briton’s Rule,Roman Conquest,English Conquest,——,1043,┋,(or Anglo-Saxon Rule),——,1013,Danish Invasion,Norman Conquest,——,55 B. C.,——————,597,St. Augustine arrived in Kent,Medieval and Elizabethan Times,—————————————————————————————————————→,——,1066,——,1623,——------,1485,Medieval Times,Elizabethan Times,1485,—————————————————————————————————————→,——,——,1066,1154,1399,——,1461,——,——,1485,Elizabethan Times,House of Normandy,(House of Anjou),House of Plantagenet,House of Lancaster,↓,↘,House of York,House of Tudor,——,1623,… … … … … …,… … … … … …,… … … … … …,,Medieval Times,House of Stuart,The Britons,The early known inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. The Britons lived in the tribal society.,The Roman Conquest,In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the roman conqueror, who had just occupied Gaul.,Julius Caesar,The English Conquest,,During Roman conquest, Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, from Northern Europe.,The Jutes occupied Kent , in the southestern corner of the island. The Saxons took the southern part and established some small kingdoms as Wessex, Essex and Sussex. The Angles spread over the east midland and built the kingdom of the East Anglia.,Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Influence,Anglo-Saxon were heathen people with belief in old mythology of Northern Europe.In 7th century, they were Christianized. At that time, when few but monks who could read and write hated heathen books and managed to tinged them with some Christian color.,The Danish Invasion,,About 787, the English began to be troubled by Danish Vikings. King Alfred the Great succeeded in driving the Danes off with force.,Caedmon (?- 680) of hatred for the cruel oppressors and love for the poor; of reverence for the King.,Geoffrey Chaucer (about1340-1400)He is considered the father of modern English poetry because he opened a brilliant page in English Literature and had a profound influence on many important English poets. It is him alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters form all walks of life,,Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, was born about 1340 in London. He was the son of a wine,merchant who had connections with the Court. He began life as a page in a nobleman’s household. Then he went to France at 19 on one of the campaigns of the Hundred Years’ War, and was taken prisoner. On his return, he married Philippa, a maid of honor to the queen and relative of John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, who became his patron.,Several times he was sent to the Continent on diplomatic missions, two of which took him to Italy. Then he was M.P for Kent in 1386. But with these positions, he still experienced some years of poverty, writing a “Complaint to His Empty Purse.” He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’ Corner.”,,The Canterbury Tales,Apart from minor and miscellaneous works, Chaucer’s chief literary interest in the last 14 years of his life was The Canterbury Tales, his masterpiece. Chaucer had reached full maturity in his literary creation, free from any dominant foreign influence.,4.) The Wife of BathTo show Chaucer’s keen observation and unsurpassed talent for characterization,it is enough to mention to the famous wife of Bath. 5.) Social Significance“The Canterbury Tales” is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. 6.) His Language Chaucer’s language ,now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.,The Wife of Bath,He is a forerunner of humanism. He is a master of word—pictures. He is the father of English poetry and novel. He is the pioneer of realism.,Some Comments about Chaucer,Significance of The Canterbury Tales,It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time;The dramatic structure of the poem is highly commended;Chaucer’s gentle satire and mild irony made him a pioneering English humorist writer;Chaucer wrote in the London dialect of his day. In so doing Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.,—————————————————————————————————————→,——,1217,1399,——,1461,,——,——--------------,1485,House of Plantagenet,House of Lancaster,House of York,——,1337,——,--------------,1453,1455,,1485,The Hundred Year’s War with France,A. Military Actions,The Wars of the Roses,——,1623,House of Tudor,——,1588,Defeat of Spanish Armada,↗,↘,,,The Wars of the Roses,The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought in medieval England from 1455 to 1485 between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The name Wars of the Roses is based on the badges used by the two sides, the red rose for the Lancastrians and the white rose for the Yorkists.,Badge of Lancaster,Badge of York,The English Bible,John Wycliffe,——→,Translated from Latin,The 1st Complete English Bible,William Tyndal,——→,,Translated,New Testament Portions of the Old Testament,C. The Enclosure Movement,It began around 15th century and had a dramatic effect on the landscape of England. In lowland England the hedgerow became the most common method of enclosure, while in the upland areas it was the drystone wall.,D. The Renaissance for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.[…],Read not to contradict, and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.[…],He is best know for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.,— The highest glory of the English Renaissance,VII Elizabethan Drama,Christopher Marlowe (1564-93),—— University Wits;,1. Edward II 2. Doctor Faustus 3. The Tamburlaine,the greatest of the pioneers of English drama,It describes a cruel and ambitious man.,4. The Jew of Malta,Ben Jonson,1. Pomes,2. Plays,a. tragedies,b. comedies,Volphone,The Alchemist,c. masques,Everyman in His Humor,______________________________,→,___,___,___,___,___,___,___,1603,1625,1649,1660,1685,1688,1702,①,②,③,④,↓,⑤,⑥,___ ___,1642,1651,English Civil War,English Parliament,→,→,---------------------------------------------------------,—,House of Lords,House of Commons,The refusal on the part of the House of Commons to impose sufficiently high taxes crippled the royal finances. That established the foundation for the English Civil War.,Charles I,He engaged in a struggle for power with Parliament to gain absolute power, especially in taxes. The last period of his reign, opposed by Parliamentarians and Puritans, was marked by English Civil War. He was executed by the House of Commons in 1649.,English Civil War (or Wars)It refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651.,The Civil War led to the execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English monarchy with first the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653). The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England came to an end.,The war established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, although this would not be cemented until the Glorious Revolution later in the century.,Glorious Revolution refers to the generally popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688. The event is sometimes referred to as the “Bloodless Revolution“, but this name is not accurate; some modern historians prefer the more neutral “Revolution of 1688“.,II English Commercial Expansion,The USA & India,The USA,: The London Company establishes the Jamestown Settlement in North America. : Boston founded by the Massachusetts Bay Company in North America.,1607,1630,India,: The Mughal Empire grants extensive trading rights to the British East India Company.,1615,The Mughal Empire of the Indian Subcontinent, founded by the Mongol leader Babur in 1526. Religion of Mughals was Islam. The British Empire finally dissolved it in 1857, immediately prior to which it existed only at the sufferance of the British East India Company.,IV Literature,1. John Milton,(1608-74),PoemDramaPamphlet d. Prose,Epic: Paradise Lost Paradise Regained,Masque /Poetic drama\Samson Agonistes (Cloeset Drama),L’Allegro / Lycidas,2. John Bunyan,(1628-88),The Pilgrim s Progress (1687),It is his masterpice. It is a prose allegory depicting the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of salvation. It is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English Language,3. Metaphysical Poets & Cavalier poets,Metaphysical Poets,A term referring to the poets in the early 17th century England. Their poems are characterized by eternally complex-sustained conceits, mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.,John Donne,(1572-1631),The founder of the Metaphysical poetry,His works include love poetry, sermons and religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, and sonnets.,